AP Chemistry Course and Exam Topics

This is an outline of the chemistry topics covered by the AP (Advanced Placement) Chemistry course and exam, as described by the College Board. The percentage given after the topic is the approximate percentage of multiple-choice questions on the AP Chemistry Exam about that topic. Structure of Matter (20%)States of Matter (20%)Reactions (35–40%)Descriptive Chemistry (10–15%)Laboratory (5–10%) I. Structure of Matter (20%) Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure Evidence for the atomic theoryAtomic masses; determination by chemical and physical meansAtomic number and mass number; isotopesElectron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitalsPeriodic relationships including atomic radii, ionization energies, electron affinities, oxidation states Chemical Bonding Binding forcesa. Types: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London dispersion forces)b. Relationships to states, structure, and properties of matterc. Polarity of bonds, electronegativitiesMolecular modelsa. Lewis structuresb. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bondsc. VSEPRGeometry of molecules and ions, structural isomerism of simple organic molecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to structure Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity; chemical applications. II. States of Matter (20%) Gases Laws of ideal gasesa. Equation of state for an ideal gasb. Partial pressuresKinetic-molecular theorya. Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theoryb. Avogadros hypothesis and the mole conceptc. Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperatured. Deviations from ideal gas laws Liquids and Solids Liquids and solids from the kinetic-molecular viewpointPhase diagrams of one-component systemsChanges of state, including critical points and triple pointsStructure of solids; lattice energies Solutions Types of solutions and factors affecting solubilityMethods of expressing concentration (The use of normalities is not tested.)Raoults law and colligative properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosisNon-ideal behavior (qualitative aspects) III. Reactions (35–40%) Reaction Types Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Brà ¶nsted-Lowry, and Lewis; coordination complexes; amphoterismPrecipitation reactionsOxidation-reduction reactionsa. Oxidation numberb. The role of the electron in oxidation-reductionc. Electrochemistry: electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faradays laws; standard half-cell potentials; Nernst equation; prediction of the direction of redox reactions Stoichiometry Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems: net ionic equationsBalancing of equations including those for redox reactionsMass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole concept, including empirical formulas and limiting reactants Equilibrium Concept of dynamic equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chateliers principle; equilibrium constantsQuantitative treatmenta. Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kcb. Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution(1) Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH(2) Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds(3) Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysis Kinetics Concept of rate of reactionUse of experimental data and graphical analysis to determine reactant order, rate constants, and reaction rate lawsEffect of temperature change on ratesEnergy of activation; the role of catalystsThe relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanism Thermodynamics State functionsFirst law: change in enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction; Hesss law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetrySecond law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction; dependence of change in free energy on enthalpy and entropy changesRelationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials IV. Descriptive Chemistry (10–15%) A. Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions. B. Relationships in the periodic table: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal with examples from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and the first series of transition elements. C. Introduction to organic chemistry: hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties). Physical and chemical properties of simple organic compounds should also be included as exemplary material for the study of other areas such as bonding, equilibria involving weak acids, kinetics, colligative properties, and stoichiometric determinations of empirical and molecular formulas. V. Laboratory (5–10%) The AP Chemistry Exam includes some questions based on experiences and skills students acquire in the laboratory: making observations of chemical reactions and substances; recording data; calculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained, and communicating effectively the results of experimental work. AP Chemistry coursework and the AP Chemistry Exam also include working some specific types of chemistry problems. AP Chemistry Calculations When performing chemistry calculations, students will be expected to pay attention to significant figures, precision of measured values, and the use of logarithmic and exponential relationships. Students should be able to determine whether or not a calculation is reasonable. According to the College Board, the following types of chemical calculations may appear on the AP Chemistry Exam: Percentage compositionEmpirical and molecular formulas from experimental dataMolar masses from gas density, freezing-point, and boiling-point measurementsGas laws, including the ideal gas law, Daltons law, and Grahams lawStoichiometric relations using the concept of the mole; titration calculationsMole fractions; molar and molal solutionsFaradays law of electrolysisEquilibrium constants and their applications, including their use for simultaneous equilibriaStandard electrode potentials and their use; Nernst equationThermodynamic and thermochemical calculationsKinetics calculations

Revenge A Bittersweet Victory Essay - 1055 Words

This story of the most heinous revenge is, like all stories by Edgar Allen Poe, very open to interpretation. One thing that cannot be disputed, though, is the theme. The fundamental theme of The Cask of Amontillado is revenge. While the reasons the main character, Montresor, desires revenge are rather unclear, the reasons for his motivation are not. The way he executes his plans also exemplifies a clever use of deception to amplify his vengeance. Unfortunately, though, the aftermath of his actions proved far less gratifying than what he foresaw. These elements of revenge consume this story in the usual vague and mysterious manner which we so often see with Poe. Because this story is told in first person perspective from Montresor’s†¦show more content†¦This message is also conveyed through the Montresor family crest, which shows a snake biting the very foot that is crushing it. The snake in this case, is Montresor, who does not let his attacker get away with the attac k. Overall, Montresor’s craving for vengeance is derived from the pride he feels for his family. Montresor satisfied these cravings by plotting and executing the perfect revenge. The reason Montresor killed Fortunato in the catacombs was because of his intense family pride. Because in Montresor’s mind Fortunato had insulted his family, he saw the catacombs as the perfect place to kill him so they could, in a sense, witness the event. That way his actions avenge them as well as himself. As to the reason for the method of live entrapment he used to kill Fortunato, it comes not from Montresor, but instead from the author himself. During the time Poe published this story, the fear of being buried alive was very real among the masses. In fact, some cemeteries would place bells on the limbs of the recently deceased, so if they were accidentally buried alive, they would have a chance to be rescued. This has a very strong connection to the story because the last sound Montr esor hears coming from Fortunato’s tomb is the bells on his hat jingling. From this information we can infer that Poe shared the popular fear and felt that is was one of the worst things that could happen to a person, making it the perfect methodShow MoreRelatedMississippi Burning Character Essay2000 Words   |  8 Pagesthe movie; starting with the scene in the car where Anderson’s joking nature is not appreciated by Ward, who tells him to â€Å"just read the file,† and culminating in a tense encounter in which Ward pulls a gun to Anderson’s head when Anderson seeks revenge for Pell beating his wife. However, this confrontation leads to Ward accepting Anderson’s unconventional methods – an interesting character development for Ward, as it indicates he possesses more flexibility than he first appears to. 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Evaluate Thomas Jefferson Presidency Free Essays

The election of 1800 was a tight race and a tie broken by the House of Representatives, led to the election of Thomas Jefferson as the third president of the United States. Thomas Jefferson was in office as president for two terms, serving from 1801-1809. As a whole, Thomas Jefferson had a very positive presidency even though there were a few setbacks throughout. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate Thomas Jefferson Presidency or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were many significant events that happened during these eight years and the most well known would be: the Louisiana Purchase, the undeclared Barbary War, and the trade acts imposed due to problems with France and Britain . All great things must come to an end and Jefferson was succeeded by John Adams. America is a superpower and Thomas Jefferson was a great impact to all that as been accomplished as a nation. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803, was the greatest accomplishment of Jefferson in his presidency. The French under Napoleon had a great deal of economic problems already and maintaining the land in the west was a lot to handle so they sold it to the United States. In addition, France was fighting Britain and they needed more money and they wanted to only sell New Orleans at first, but ended up selling the whole territory (Henretta). At the time they sold this territory for 15 million dollars which ended up being about two cents an acre(Holmes). This purchase was very positive because this territory doubled the United States territory and this was great for them in order with westward expansion and exploration of the west. This expansion led to Lewis and Clark to explore the new lands. They were sent to experience the plants, animals, geography, and to learn how this region could be exploited economically. Without Jefferson in power, this expedition that they set out on may not have been accomplished and the United States may have not been so advanced at this time. At the time of the purchase, buying it was deemed unconstitutional but Thomas Jefferson went through with it anyway. The purpose at the time was to get French out of this region all together to protect our trade on the port of New Orleans. Also, it was to protect the free passage along the Mississippi River. Not only was this one of the greatest accomplishments of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, but may have been one of the greatest events in America’s history. During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency another event that is very significant would be the undeclared Barbary Wars. During this time, a reason this is so remembered, Jefferson was spending a lot of the country’s money. The Barbary States were off of North Africa and leading up to this undeclared war, they were seizing the international ships and holding the crews hostage for ransom money. At the time, he wanted to avoid all out war which would increase taxes and national debt which at this point he was very right (Henretta). This was particularly dangerous for the country because at the time there was not a strong navy. Merchants were in danger every time they went out on the water. As a nation, the United States defeated the Barbary States and that led to not paying the Barbary people money. These tensions may have been negative during the time, but as we look back on history, Jefferson did the right thing for the country and him defeating these pirates really reflects on his presidency being very positive for the United States. Lastly, major trade problems with Britain and France and relationships were very important to Jefferson’s presidency. With all of these problems many acts were passed in order to relive the tension. The United States wanted to be neutral during problems between Britain and France, but somehow always ended up right in the middle. One of the first acts that was imposed was the Nonintercourse Act(1806), and that halted importation of British products. This did little to no harm to the British so in 1809 trade with Britain was reopened. Another act that was imposed on America was the Embargo Act which prohibited all trade and this really hurt New England the most. This hurt New Englanders so much that it caused many of them to side with Pinckney in the 1808 election. Even though some may have sided, John Adams won the election and succeeded Thomas Jefferson. This was a rough patch to his presidency, but despite the few foreign affairs he did a great job with dealing with France and Britain during these times. Thomas Jefferson was one of the very first presidents of the United States and his presidency is one of many that have made America the super power that it is. Each president that lasts the full two terms must have been liked by many to stay in the office for eight years so he definitely did something right. Jefferson purchased territory that nearly doubled America’s size, defeated the Barbary pirates in â€Å"undeclared war†, and although there were many foreign affairs during this time he handled them very well. He is one that is remembered and will continue to be remembered through time for all of the positive things he accomplished. Thomas Jefferson had a very positive presidency and in eight years did a lot for Americans and has been apart of shaping the nation. How to cite Evaluate Thomas Jefferson Presidency, Papers

Manage Human Resource Services -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You are a HR Manager for a bank. You have been asked to Manage the development and delivery of HR services in one area. Complete the tasks using information gathered from your own research and knowledge you have obtained during your study. Outline your ideas in a report to submit to your trainer/ assessor via negotiated method. Answer: Introduction I have been appointed as the HR manager for managing the development, production and delivery of HR services by obtaining relevant research knowledge and information. The delivery of client or recruitment services will be selected by providing a particular service area along with the various kinds of services that are needed to be delivered for understanding the aims, objectives and purpose of the chosen service area. The strategic and operational plans are utilized for developing and managing the human resources (Berman et al. 2012). The eternal business environment will be analysed to determining the impact of human resources management and how it can result in ensuring successful business functioning. The various ways or approaches are used to manage diversity. The assessment of needs of clients is developed for distributing to the line managers and understanding the needs of the chosen HR service area. The service agreement for the management and delivery of human resources will be assessed here too for developing a strategic plan and implement the HR services with ease and effectiveness (Boq.com.au 2017). Delivery of HR client services or recruitment services The Bank of Queensland is a retail bank in Australia that provides good quality financial services all over Australia in various branches. The level of customer satisfaction is high and so, it is considered as one of the major retail banks in Australia that provides the best quality financial services and ensures that the requirements and needs of the customers are satisfied. Bank of Queensland is a major established organisation that performs well within the competitive banking industry (Canas and Sondak, 2013). It has a diverse workforce with more than 2500 branches that has allowed ample scopes and opportunities to advance in the career and gain personal development. There are various areas where the bank has provided its financial services including the client services and recruitment services. The recruitment services include management of branch network including customer service, branch manager and financial planning. The accounts management, banking and financial services are offered by the organization along with general administration services and management of treasury and inventories properly (Claus Wehner, Giardini and Kabst 2012). The other services of recruitment included the ability to generate advertisements and job vacancy ads on newspaper and internet for attracting more individuals and making them habituated within the companys surroundings (Boq.com.au 2017). Training and developmental sessions provided to them would also help in enhancing their skills, knowledge and expertise level, furthermore allowed them to enhance their potential work performance and bring out positive outcomes for the organization. The HR recruitment services also include hiring a HR personnel for motivating and encouraging the employees to perform better and handle their roles and responsibilities properly to achieve the desired set of outcomes (Cook, Faulconbridge and Muzio 2012). The area is chosen because it can not only help in enhancing the workforce potential, but will also lead to higher production and better customers services. Banks strategic and operational plans to develop and manage human resources services The strategic and operational plans are developed to manage changes within the financial sector as well as resolve issues like inaccurate rules and regulations, manage technological innovation and prevent discrimination too. The employee relations and changing business conditions are linked to form the perfect strategic plan and implement a suitable focus strategy for managing the industrial relations, communication, training and development. The remuneration policies and procedures would help in moving towards a market driven organisation consisting of a suitable culture and utilizing the resources effectively than the cost. The company has been committed to the executive team to deliver the best strategies and check out the financial performance to ensure that the delivery of strategic and operational plans can add value for the shareholders or investors (Dhamija 2012). The other strategic and operational plans include multi channel optimization, risk or return balance, delivering operational excellence and managing the talent, ability and culture to position brand and differentiate its products and services properly. External business environment The external environment is assessed with the help of PEST analysis, which determines the political factors, economic factors, social, technological, legal and environmental factors impacting the business. The Governmental activities support the business functioning while the legislations and Acts have encouraged competition to provide customers with more options. The economic factors include the purchasing power f the clients, level of consumption, power of making purchases and developing a proper strategic plan. This would help in monitoring the economic variables that are used to deal with a sensitive market effort (Eva et al. 2014). The social factors include change in demographics, culture, buying behaviours and lifestyle of the consumers along with values and beliefs maintained for successful business functioning. The technological factors include use of internet as an effective marketing tool to leverage the market opportunities and deliver better customers services for gaining better customer satisfaction and higher profit level (Kapse, Patil and Patil 2012). Ways of managing diversity at the workplace There are various ways or approaches to manage diversity within the workplace. The personnel policies and procedures are used properly to enhance the performance of employee and manage tenure of the employees, maintain a proper and ethical background and manage equality within the workplace. By making the policies and procedures placed appropriately, the diversity measures could be implemented as well. Based on the qualifications and level of expertise achieved by the company, there should be ratings to manage diversity properly. Teams should be formed and the skills of the most qualified employees should be managed for encouraging diversity and prevent discrimination (Melanthiou, Pavlou and Constantinou 2015). Meetings could be arranged for the encouragement of discussions and manage workplace diversity. Client needs assessment form to the line managers The line managers have the roles and responsibilities to enable higher level management and adopt various roles, tasks and expectations to make changes and necessary improvements. The line managers act as intermediaries between the manager and the employees of Bank of Queensland. The client needs assessment form is provided to the line manager for understanding both the employee and client needs and manage the human resources accordingly for the fulfillment of customers needs and preferences and ensuring customer satisfaction too (Rehman 2012). Requirements of legislations The Equality Act is a legislation that aims to provide equal opportunities to every people during the processes of recruitment and selection. This has prevented any sort of discrimination within the workplace and ensured that every workers are paid equally and additional wages paid shall be dependent upon their level of knowledge and expertise. The Equality Human Rights Commission or EHRC should support the Equal opportunities commission and enforce legislations of equality based on gender, race, religion, ethnicity and status. This would enable social changes and undertake legal action whenever required. The National Minimum wage act is another legislation that enables individuals to obtain wages according to the working hours (Singh, Winkel and Selvarajan 2013). Service agreement for delivery of human resources The service level agreement consists of the scopes of delivering services, tasks to be completed and both qualitative and quantitative measures. The monitoring and evaluation processes are other components of the service level agreement that cover most the effective functions required to meet the demands and requirements of clients. The clients responsibilities are to meet the HR team to discuss the issues and respond to requests for information, furthermore manage the financial costs that are related to the Human resource activities, advertisements and promotions and assessment tools (Swart and Kinnie 2013). Development of an action plan The action or strategic plan is developed for the administering of policies and procedures, manage stand alone programs to manage the personnel properly, furthermore help in achieving the strategic goals and objectives with ease. The strategic plan implemented by Bank of Queensland would also help in integrating the HRM training and developmental programs with the mission and values of the organization. This would also enable the line managers to share joint responsibilities in the various areas of hiring and management, furthermore contribute to the profit objectives and goals (Uen et al. 2012). The action plan would facilitate the staffing process, implement basic workplace policies, mange the benefits and compensation, enable training and development and finally attract and retain new and existing worker to perform to their potential within the organisation. Development of quality assurance standards The quality assurance standards are developed to prevent any issues and deliver solutions to the customers that are of good qualities and can keep the customers satisfied. According to ISO 9000, the management of quality focuses on providing enough skills to the workers to meet the requirements of managing quality and ensure that the customers are kept satisfied as a whole. If the quality assurance standards are not met, it would be essential for the HR manager of Bank of Queensland to recruit the most efficient staffs who possess enough skills and knowledge to contribute to the organisational excellence (Wetherly and Otter 2014). It would further make the company achieve higher level of profit and gain competitive advantage in business too. Ways of calculating the ROI The return on investment or ROI is calculated by finding the difference between gain from investments and cost of investments and then dividing it by cost of investment. The calculation of net present value or NPV and rate of return can also find measurement of profitability and alpha returns (Berman et al. 2012). Survey to collect feedbacks from the clients A survey is conducted to obtain the feedbacks and responses of the clients of Bank of Queensland, Australia. Few questions are: Are you satisfied with the kinds of services provided by Bank of Queensland, Australia? Yes, the services are satisfactory and have fulfilled our needs and requirements. Do you believe that the bank has gained enough profit based on the investments that have been made? The bank has gained proper amount of return on investments and is quite competitive within the banking industry as well What are approaches undertaken by the organisation to manage the human resources properly? The action and strategic HRM plans are developed to focus on the goals and objectives and manage the human resources properly to achieve the desired outcomes What is the requirement of legislations and service level agreement plan? The legislations, policies and procedures made the company maintain the values, ethics and beliefs properly while the service level agreement helped in fulfilling the clients responsibilities and at the same time mange the financial resources. Conclusion HR recruitment services included the designing of the training programs, managing the manpower and posts, developing the employment programs and analyzing the inventories of manpower, furthermore making sure that the most skilled and knowledgeable workers were recruited within the company. The financial planning was done properly while the risk management and audit had also been done for enhancing the marketing techniques, management public relations, and communication procedures with ease and efficacy. The strategic and operational plans were composed to enhance the financial performance and manage the human resources at the same time with efficiency. The external business environment was assessed with the help of PESTLE framework. From the report, it could be understood that assessment of clients needs and legislations were important for ensuring successful service level agreement for the delivery of HR services. Lastly, the a survey was conducted to analyse the feedbacks provided by clients and net present value was calculated to determine the return on investments. References Berman, E.M., Bowman, J.S., West, J.P. and Van Wart, M.R., 2012.Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage. Boq.com.au. (2017). BOQ - love BOQ for Personal Banking, Business Banking, Home Loans, Term Deposits and Online Banking. [online] Available at: https://www.boq.com.au/ [Accessed 21 Nov. 2017]. Canas, K. and Sondak, H., 2013.Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. Pearson Higher Ed. Claus Wehner, M., Giardini, A. and Kabst, R., 2012. Graduates' reactions to recruitment process outsourcing: A scenario?based study.Human Resource Management,51(4), pp.601-623. Cook, A.C., Faulconbridge, J.R. and Muzio, D., 2012. London's legal elite: recruitment through cultural capital and the reproduction of social exclusivity in City professional service fields.Environment and Planning A,44(7), pp.1744-1762. Dhamija, P., 2012. E-recruitment: a roadmap towards e-human resource management.Researchers World,3(3), p.33. Eva, M., Hindle, K., Paul, D., Rollaston, C. and Tudor, D., 2014. Business analysis. BCS. Kapse, A.S., Patil, V.S. and Patil, N.V., 2012. E-recruitment.International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology,1(4), pp.82-86. Melanthiou, Y., Pavlou, F. and Constantinou, E., 2015. The use of social network sites as an e-recruitment tool.Journal of Transnational Management,20(1), pp.31-49. Rehman, S., 2012. A study of public sector organizations with respect to recruitment, job satisfaction and retention.Global Business and Management Research,4(1), p.76. Singh, B., Winkel, D.E. and Selvarajan, T.T., 2013. Managing diversity at work: Does psychological safety hold the key to racial differences in employee performance?.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(2), pp.242-263. Swart, J. and Kinnie, N., 2013. Managing multidimensional knowledge assets: HR configurations in professional service firms.Human Resource Management Journal,23(2), pp.160-179. Uen, J.F., Ahlstrom, D., Chen, S.Y. and Tseng, P.W., 2012. Increasing HR's strategic participation: The effect of HR service quality and contribution expectations.Human Resource Management,51(1), pp.3-23. Wetherly, P. and Otter, D. eds., 2014.The business environment: themes and issues in a globalizing world. Oxford University Press.

7 jobs that are incredibly underpaidÂÂ

7 jobs that are incredibly underpaid   We live in a world where not all jobs- or salaries- are created equal. While some jobs are glamorous and come with equally glamorous paychecks, others offer more humble salaries- and some of them just might surprise you. According to a recent article on Glassdoor.com, the average American worker is underpaid by approximately $7,500- this translates to salaries that are roughly 13% less than their potential market values. This is attributable to a variety of factors, from job market conditions and supply vs. demand of available talent to the tendency of some new employees to not negotiate for higher salaries when starting new jobs.Let’s take a closer look at 7 jobs that are incredibly underpaid, often despite having very important responsibilities.1. Medical assistantMedical assistants work directly under the guidance of doctors and nurses, and have a host of important responsibilities including maintaining medical records, prepping patients for exams, and administering medicat ions. That said, they don’t typically command large salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for medical assistants is $32,850.2. Web developerIf you’re looking to break into the web developer profession, you may find a wealth of opportunities across industries, and even across borders as international projects abound. That said, the growing supply of talented web developers both around the United States and abroad has adversely impacted salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for web developers is $72,150.3. Social workerSocial workers are typically dedicated and qualified individuals who provide important support services to populations in need. Despite being a rewarding and commendable profession, the average social worker is not earning a huge payday. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for social workers is approximately $59,410.4. Licensed practical nurse (LPN) Nurses are incredibly important professionals who handle a wide array of critical tasks in a variety of healthcare settings, and are essential personnel for handling patient needs. That said, they typically make far less than their colleagues who are doctors or registered nurses (RNs). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for LPNs is $44,840.5. Pharmacy technicianWhen you’re purchasing prescription medications at your local pharmacy, you’re likely to encounter a pharmacy tech at the front lines. These workers mix, measure, count out, and label medications as well as interact directly with customers. However, pharmacy techs don’t command the same salaries as the pharmacists they work beside. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for pharmacy techs is $32,170.6. Veterinary technicianWhen your pet needs a checkup or isn’t feeling well, you can count on a vet tech to help you out when you first arrive at the veterinarian’s office. They’re responsible for a host of things that help keep veterinarian practices running smoothly, including performing medical tests, preparing serums and vaccines, taking and preparing samples, and maintaining charts and medical equipment. Vet techs likely aren’t in the field to get rich quick; the mean average wage according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics is $33,870.7. Emergency medical technician (EMT)Few can argue about the importance of EMTs- when an accident or medical emergency occurs, they are often the first on the scene, and assess injuries, administer aid, and transport individuals to hospitals and medical facilities. Despite their incredible importance in saving lives, they just don’t command big salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for EMTs is $36,110.As you can see, not all employees are compensated equally. The 7 jobs listed here may offer professional fulfillment and satisfaction, depending on one’s job-related goals, but they will probably not set you on a road to riches. If you’re on the hunt for a new job and salary is a big factor for you, use this information to help guide you towards- and away- from certain positions.

Business Income and Expenditure Essays

Business Income and Expenditure Essays Business Income and Expenditure Essay Business Income and Expenditure Essay Capital income is the money that is used to set up a business. This money can be sourced from any where such as the before stated. Capital income is most commonly used for acquiring fixed assets; however this money is not used for the constant replacement of equipment or furniture. Excluded is carryover from one year to the next. Owners Investment (Sole Trader): is a business that it is invested by one individual. It is owned by one person, even though there might be several over employees working with them. A sole trader is mainly responsible for everything that happens to the business, for example cleaning the premises checking for health and safety, doing accounts and paying bills tax due in profits. The sole trader can keep profit each year, after paying tax. The money can be maximised by as its owned by one person business should able have to sum amount of money to start up the business. The way they would be getting the money to help them this could be from four different places they are Bank, Friends or Family, Government Grants or even Personal Savings. The reason they should have extra sum of money because to start up business to pay the designer who would build the store and also the ancillary stuff such as pay tills, double glazing windows, security alarms and guards. Owners Investment (Partners): A partnership is a business where two or more people own a company, work together and share the profits or losses to the businesses. Two people working together have many different skills, which can be very cost-effective as people specialise and become more efficient in certain parts of their creative business. One partner might be good at selling work and presenting to clients, while another is better at accounting etc. money can be maximised for partnership is called PLC (private limited company) these companies end their name with letters plc is a limited liability company owned by shareholders. The shares in the company are available publicly for purchase through the stock exchange, or they could borrow money from other different areas such as getting a loan from the bank or getting money from friends or family. Shareholder Investment: A stakeholder is where someone puts money to invest in your business. If you hold just a few shares of stock, your ownership in the company is very small. Because shareholders together own a company, the company strives to deliver shareholder value. In many cases, as a shareholder, you have a right to certain rights such as a right to vote on elections involving the board of directors and the right to share in the companys income. In addition to these rights, shareholders have the potential to profit when the company is successful. Likewise, if the company struggles and make a loss then a profit to the business, the shareholders can lose. It can be maximised as already more people putting into the business and people can put more money into the business to get more shares. Business Angels: is where an individual puts money towards to another business for a period of time in return or later on they would want some share of the business. It is a capital income because the money was put towards for the businesses at the beginning and would still stay within the business from a longer period of time. This can be maximised by putting more money into the business if they do want more involvement towards the business or get more shares. Venture Capitalists: is when you put money into the business from the start its also the same as Business Angels this is known as a capital income as they money has been put from the beginning which means it would stay with business. It can be maximised as more people would want to more shares like for example they would want more then 50% shares to the business so they can much control then others and gain more profit. Loans: This is when an individual ask another individual or banks to borrow some money for a temporary which they have to pay back with interest. As this is a capital income which means as it was given from the start and will continue throughout the year as they would have to pay back on whoever they borrowed money from. This can be minimized as they could ask for a lower interest or also they could also can ask them for a extended payment even though it may take longer period of time to pay the bank back. Also some bankers may not lend out money as they opening up a business newly they may worry businesses might able to pay back the money on time. So they check the credit history if they have good report they may able to give out as much loan as they can could trust them to pay back within the limited time. Mortgages: A mortgage is where the bank pays for a property or building as businesses may not able to pay straight away. This means is a loan, secured by a property/house which they have to pay the banks in instalments over a set period of time. They could ask for a low interest rate or even could ask them for an extended time to pay back, however if they dont pay back the instalments this could led bailiffs to come around may have to take valuable supplies from the business if still they cannot pay back within the time given then this would mean they may have to take back the property away from them meaning the business would be closed down. Capital Expenditure Capital expenditure is the money that is going out of the business over a number of years. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to the value of an existing fixed asset with a useful life that extends beyond the taxable year. Capex are used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as equipment, property, or industrial buildings. Fixed Assets Fixed asset, also known as a non-current asset or as property, plant, and equipment (PP;E), is a term used in accounting for assets and property which cannot easily be converted into cash. This can be compared with current assets such as cash or bank accounts, which are described as liquid assets. In most cases, only tangible assets are referred to as fixed. Building: A Building can be used for many things such as, renting a room, apartment or a building. As people might open up a business for the first time they may not usually buy the building or take a mortgage out as they just opened up a business its more easier if they rented the place out. It is classified as Capital Expenditure as this is because the money is going into the business for the mortgage which takes up to 25years to pay back the bank. It is better and easier for the businesses if they rent out a property rather then buying building instead of mortgaging it out as this is because if they business do not do well and become bust they may not able to pay back the mortgage which then would lead to more debt as where if they rented it out they could easily pay it by end of the month which couldnt cost much. Vehicles: many businesses have vehicles for their businesses it is mainly used for a delivery or a pick up; this can be a motorbike, car or van. As its a Capital Expenditure this is because the money comes out towards the business as its used for a longer period of time which would help them in a long term basics. As having a vehicle its not that important to the business unless its a major big company to have a company vehicle or other then that it would be wasting money to have a company vehicle. Equipment: when businesses open up a new business they would need to get all the equipment and also through while running the business in between. This could include stock hangers if its a retail clothing shop they would need to buy hangers now and then as they need to display clothings and also paper and pens which they could pay out monthly . As its known as a capital expenditure for that reason they dont need to purchase so many all in one go they could get it by monthly as this is more efficient and cheaper. If they do want to budget their equipment they could get a different supplier who is cheaper to the current one. Land: Land a premise is for businesses would buy based on number of acres where they can build a building or property on top as its their own land. As your buying the land it is quite expensive rather then buying just a property. As for example if you are buying near a rich or a wealthy area then your chances of paying of for it. It is known as a capital expenditure because the money your are paying for the land is for improvements as the payment for the land comes every month. Intangible Assets: these are the assets that cannot be touched physically as this is because its protected by the law such as: Goodwill: this means when a business has done something good within the organisation for the environment for example if they are selling things which are recyclable. As businesses know that they have done good things and therefore they would want to sell the products then this could mean its would sell and make profit because people purchase something that they know would benefit the environment. So whoever buys the goodwill would worth more then without the goodwill. Copyright / Patents: this just have that because they do not want their ideas to be stolen or used from other businesses so they protect it by copyright. If their ideas does get stolen this would be illegal as they paid for their ideas to be protected and not to be used from any other businesses as they could get sued. Trademark is a word, symbol, phrase or device which identifies a particular company or individual. There are many types of bottles used to contain soft drinks, for example, but only one with the distinctive logo and design of Coca-Cola. Each element of a Coca-Cola bottle- the shape, red imprint and name-could be considered a trademark of the Coca-Cola Company. Because all of these elements have been legally registered with the United Kingdom Patent and Trademark Office, no other soft drink company can create a similar trademark. The best trademark is easily recognised in the Market as people would know they are a trustworthy company and the products they buy is reliable and good quality at all times. Revenue Income (Day-to-day): where the money comes into the business day to day basics. The money can come to the business such as: Credit Sale: is when a customer purchases a product or service with a credit card. However this may take up to 30days to come through. It is the same procedure when the business buys from their suppliers as they would still have money on their account for another month after it has been paid for. It is categorised as a Revenue Income as this is because it takes longer to go to the business however there is still money coming through the business. Cash Sales; is when the customer purchase something with cash in hand as this means it gets paid straight away. As the business gets cash everyday because most customers are purchasing from there by cash. It is known as Revenue Income because the money is coming into the business day to day so they money comes through right away. Rent Received; is when you they take out a building they dont really need to use it but they would have someone else to rent the place out but business would get the money. This is known as a Revenue income because they money that is coming into the business in a day to day basics so the money is used every month so this would help the business make money out of it. If they want to make more money they could get more tenants to rent out the place or could increase the amount which would be paid monthly. Commission Received: is when a business has a system of payment when business are successful in exchanging goods of services to another business. So if they sell an product from another business, then they will get a certain percentage of the profit or an agreed amount. Discounts: is when the business reducing the selling price of goods as for example when they have with a supplier and with the business for quite some time, the supplier can take a small fraction off the cost as this is because the business have been a long term customer from the same suppliers. This is as revenue income because they are not spending or taking out much money out the business they used to spend so they will be saving money for the business, also when they sell that stock, they would be getting much more money than this would mean its going to give them a profit at the end. Revenue Expenditure: This is money coming out of a business on a day to day basis. Routine repairs are revenue expenditures because they are charged directly to an account such as Repairs and Maintenance Expense. Rent/Rates: Businesses would rent or rate to a building as its because they just started up a business they probably would prefer pay it separate monthly as they cant afford to pay all altogether upfront. This is known as a Revenue Expenditure as this is because money is taking out from the business time to time basics which would benefit in the long term as they paying for the place they have rented out for the business. Utility Bills: is when business would have to pay for their utility bills this includes things such as heat, light, water, gas etc. They would have to pay month to month basis which depends on how much they are using as they are not fixed costs. This is known as a Revenue Expenditure because the money is coming out from the business to day to day basics so they can pay of the bills end of the month. For not to pay so much they should may start thinking how less they can use it because as its not a fixed asset then money would rise or low depends on how much they use, or if sometimes they may not known how much that they have used a lot which would mean they would have to pay going to be an expensive, in order it that doesnt happen they would need to make sure they dont use it much. Admin Costs: business would have to pay for their admin costs this includes; postage, printing and stationary. The money they would be spending is actually depending on how much or amount they are buying for the products. It is as revenue expenditure because the money is coming out from the business in a day to day basis. They could reduce the quantity they do spend on which is by buying less and also they could start recycling things that they could use again as papers. Staff (Wages, Training, Insurance etc.): the business would have to pay for their staff, such as Staff Wages which is very important, if they dont pay their staff wage it can affect employee performance and loyalty and they might not have employers at the end so would have to make sure they can pay off their staff. Also they give the cost for their training if it is needed. Its revenue expenditure as this is because it is money coming out of the business on a day to day basis as their staff get paid monthly, also they would have to pay for their training. If business do not want to spend much money on wages, they could less their pay or have less staff work for them. As they do not have to re train all their staff, they could train only for the more important roles, and then from this could save the business a lot of money. Selling costs (Transport, Advertising, and Research): Business need to advertise so customers can be aware of their business from other towns, by doing that they would have to spend money everyday on advertising and research. It is revenue expenditure as this is because the money is coming out from the business on selling costs and it is also expensive to advertise for your business. In order to save money they really do need to advertise as they just opened their business for the first time as they cant afford for expensive advertisement just yet. Interest from Bank: is when a business loans money from the bank, they would want the money back but this would include with interest, this could be difficult for the business to pay back the bank straight away so they could ask the bank to give them extra time to pay back the loan, however this is leading to an disadvantage because for if they dont pay back the money this could lead to interest will be added on the total. It is best ideal ting to do when its a new business to ask for a loan from the bank because this could lead bankrupt and loss a lot of money. Cash Purchase of Stock: Cash sales is when the business purchases and pays for their products to their suppliers. This is when business pays the money to their suppliers straight away. It is revenue expenditure as because it is money out of the business on a day to day basis so which means the money gets paid to their supplier quickly as possible. Credit Purchase of Stock: when a business purchases products from their suppliers, so they would still have the money on their account for another month after they have brought stocks from credit card. It is known as revenue expenditure because the money will be coming out of the business from a day to day basis yet its going to take quite some time for the money to go through. Business may need to be careful on how they use their credit card even though money is still in the account they would have to make sure they dont spend anymore which they have to be careful they dont go overdraft which means they would be charge interest from their credit card. Well the difference between Capital income and Capital Expenditure is Capital income money which is coming towards the business which is paid directly where it can be used within number of years, where for Capital Expenditure the money is going out from the business throughout number of years. The difference between Revenue Income and Revenue Expenditure is that Revenue Income is coming through the business on a day to day basics and whereas Revenue Expenditure money is going out from the business through day to day basics.

Health Ass. discussion questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Ass. discussion questions - Assignment Example In nursing assessment, information is gathered and then interpreted. The two processes are different as one moves into the advanced practice role, as nursing assessment is employed to identify the health problems faced by the patient and are based on research, findings and literature (Spain, DeCristofaro, & Smith, 2004). The nurse is able to recognize the present health status and how it relates to the patient’s previous health status. The approach and the structure used in assessment is determined by the priorities of the specific service for which it is created and on the type of population the nurse is dealing with for example, elderly, children and adults (Rosdahl & Kowalski, 2008). However, clinical reasoning is a part of the assessment that is needed to understand and interpret gathered information. According to Spain et al. (2004), the clinical decision-making worksheet is developed to support data organization, interpretation and collection in accordance to standardize d communication format. 2. Consider a clinical situation (patient case) in your own practice (current or past). In what ways do you see your role changing as you become an advanced practice registered nurse, and how might this affect your assessment of that patient? Currently, as a registered nurse I receive patients in my care and consider the health status presently and how it is associated with the patient’s health history. I see my role changing as I become an advanced practice registered nurse as I will have gained full competencies needed in the profession. Moreover, I will be able to prescribe medication, diagnose and treat acute and chronic illness, all in the focus of health promotion and prevention. The competencies will help me in applying the knowledge of the scientific basis for quality care in practice (Thomas et.al, 2011). I will be able to apply expertise in data literacy, technology

To What Extent Do Postcolonial Writers Articulate a Coherent a Useful Essay

To What Extent Do Postcolonial Writers Articulate a Coherent a Useful Notion of Home - Essay Example The home in which the natives came from have disappeared. Most of the original literature and the oral culture of the native Caribbean’s were not preserved; hence no cultural mark had been passed over to the following generations. The fact that the African-Caribbean people were enforced to reject their own heritage caused them not to have a traditional culture and an image to identify with. This has caused the natives to constantly adapt to the modern culture, thus not being able to grasp their own in whole. The poem Alpha is divided into three parts, which are ‘Mother Poem’, ‘Sun Poem and X/Self. Smaller divisions of Ancestor comprise of individual poems. The framework in which the poem is structured is in accordance with the context of universality, while being able to form a personal interaction through engaging the readers intimately. The association between the three voices in the Ancestor personifies the father, the mother and the son or the narrator, in relation to their Motherland. The poem captures the essence of familial integration and separation. The first verse is ambiguous. The subject of mother can be referred to as the author's mother whom he misses, or most likely, the author's motherland, as can be seen in the following lines, â€Å"the ancient watercourses of my island/ echo of rver. Trickle. Worn stone/ the sunken voice of glitter iching its pattern to the sea/ memory of foam. Fossil. Erased beaches high above the eaten†.5 The poem started with descriptions of an environment in which the author longs for, as personified in a form of a mother. The author misses his homeland and wishes to go back to his native land to comfort his female parent. The second verse is a description of the Americans or the West Indians. The author hints that his family has migrated to the United States of America, as deduced from the lines "the world Columbus found" and "the world Raleigh raided". 6The statements are symbolized by the following lines in the second part of the poem, â€Å"& my father swims through the noise / Through the blankets of jute on his lungs / & he is Caesar again at the Hellespont†. As for the references to the plantations, the setting in which the author's family migrated to is in New Orleans, it is where most black slaves have migrated to in the previous decades. In a nutshell, the second part is the author's description of his life as his family moved to New Orleans, where sugar plantations are abound. The second part of the poem also implies that the author's parents worked at the plantations in New Orleans. This fact has been deduced from the lines "through the blankets of jute on his lungs" and "maker of chalk dust".7 The line "she waits with her back slowly curving to mountain" represents her mother who have waited in patience and have gotten old, who lived her life in despair from working and waiting for his husband.8 This emotion is evident in the last part of the second division of the poem, â€Å"She waits for his return with her gold rings of love / Wl the miners tr ove that binds her to his world / She waits w/ her back slowly curving to mountain†.9 The last part of the

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE Essay

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE - Essay Example The other is the Sainte Marie de La Tourette, a Convent for teachers and students at Lyon, France hereafter called La Tourette. While the structures of Le Corbusiner can be analysed from different perspectives, this essay will discuss the techniques in form and material that were used for the two structures to achieve spiritual architecture. 1. Analysis of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp Constructed in 1955, the Ronchamp structure follows the 'Expressionist Modern' modern style. The structure is built using concrete, glass and wood. The story behind the structure is that the original 4th church was destroyed in WW II. It is important to know that the church was a reformist church. This means that the clergy and the priests who managed and preached at the church wanted a modern structure. The wanted the spirit of the church to clear the decadent past when the structure was full of ornamental embellishments with stained glass, spires and other gothic features. Le Corbusier had to build a church that reflects modern art and modern architecture with spatial purity. However, Corbusier, in keeping with his own style wanted to focus on increasing available space1. The spirituality of the architecture can be seen in the the style he adopted for the interiors He used the illusion of increased space by using curves and interplaying light with shadows so that the depth of the room seemed to be more than it really was. The materials he has used extensively are concrete, stone, glass and wood to a small extent. The windows are arranged in sporadic pattern and in the form of puncturing apertures on the wall. This helps to amplify the light emerging from the chapel since the windows are tapered in the well cavity. Each wall is illuminated by the window frames that differ in light. The space behind the altar is thus given a speckled pattern like a star filled night with sparse openings. These openings are placed along with larger apertures above the cross. A flood of light is emi tted that falls on the cross creating a transformative experience for the visitor. This gives the spiritual architecture where the light of god is brought into the chapel2. 1.1. Analysis of form of Ronchamp The church has a simple design and it has two entrances. The main pulpit has a main altar and three chapels placed under the towers. Concrete is used in abundance in the structure and the use of steel reinforcement allowed Corbusier to create an upturned and curving roof that is supported by slender columns placed in the walls. The appearance of the roof is like a sail that is blowing on the windy currents of a stormy sea. This point is emphasised by the junction where the left and right walls converge and the shape seems like the curved hull of a ship. Le Corbusier has strived to bring the spiritual perspective of the reformist church into the structure. The new church is seen as the ship of the God that sails the stormy seas and carries its flock to salvation and safety. In the inside areas, space is created between the roofs and the walls. This has a number of clerestory windows with asymmetric light that falls from the openings in the wall. This helps to bring into sharp notice about the sacred role of the church and helps to create the relation between the building and the surroundings. By using concrete effectively to create recessed windows, a soft and indirect lighting emerges. This reflects off from the white walls of the church. The small windows ensure that minimum lighting falls on the congregation areas even in day light. During night, small lights behind the windows help to create a diffused lighting inside the prayer and sermon area. Corbusier did not want

Gender Differences in Reading Ability

Gender Differences in Reading Ability Reading is one of main ways to get information. What is the relationship between gender and reading comprehension? Reading success depends on factors such as the levels of readers proficiency, types of text, text difficulty, and task demands (Brudice, 2009). One important factor that affects the process of reading and consequently the process of comprehension is the reader text variable. Considering the text variable, different studies have been conducted to investigate the way readers affect the processes of reading and comprehension. The strategies used by readers, their background knowledge, motivation, attitude, age, personality and sex all have been investigated (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008). This paper aims to investigate how gender differences influence reading comprehension. Statement of Problem In this paper the presented problem was to identify whether or not gender differences had an effect on reading comprehension ability. As a question, the problem is, What is the relationship between gender and reading comprehension ability for secondary students? (Brudice, 2009) Definition of Terms Gender Differences: Gender: the state of being male or female (with reference to social or cultural differences) Reading Comprehension can be defined as techniques for improving students success in obtaining useful knowledge from text. Reading comprehension is understanding some texts that are read, or the process of constructing meaning from read texts. Comprehension is a construction process because it includes all of the elements of the reading process working together as a text is read to create a representation of the text in the readers mind (Brudice, 2009). Discussion Reading comprehension is a complex cognitive skill in which the reader should construct meaning by using all the available resources from both the text and background knowledge (Brudice, 2009). Several studies, which have investigated some independent variables that are linked to students abilities to comprehend science textbooks, have conflicting findings. While some found important differences in boys and girls verbal abilities in favor of girls, some others did not find gender differences in their subjects abilities to comprehend two biology texts (Soybio; McKenzie-Briscoe, 1998). The findings of a 2008 study indicate that there is a difference between malesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and femalesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ comprehension of the reading passages. Females are better in case of comprehending passages. Females are outstandingly superior in reading skills, and the proportion of men going to reading classes as a remedy, is higher than males. Females outperformed males in their comprehension of given passages in a written recall task (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008). Why do girls have a higher reading ability? Boys have more often their own room in comparison to girls. This may take time from reading and contribute to lower scores. Girls have a little bit more often their own study desk that may contribute to their higher reading test results. Although boys have a little bit more books at home, they are not so good in reading. According to the evaluation of girls, there is more classic literature and poetry in their homes. Children influence the home culture and so this literature is bought more often for girls. More girls are from homes without a computer. Working on computers may reduce the boys time for reading books and magazines. More girls are confident that they are doing well in language. The self-evaluation supports learning language and is a result of good learning. There are more boys among students who have fewer than 2 hours for self-study of language. Once more girls devote more time to language studies and boys have other interests (Lynn Mikk, 2009). And for second language in general, it seems that no gender differences existed on TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) in any of the subtests (Jie Wu, 2003). In light of new issues about second language reading perhaps more inquiries about second language reading comprehension should be concerned with the amounts and types of variables that are superior, or more influential, in producing higher levels of reading comprehension because as a whole it is very different from first language (Brantmeier, 2004). Conclusion A meta-analysis provides strong evidence that the significance of the gender difference in verbal ability is currently so small that it can effectively be considered to be zero. More detailed analysis of various types of verbal ability (e.g., vocabulary, reading comprehension, analogies) similarly provided no evidence of a substantial gender difference (Hayde Linn, 1988). But as the results of this study indicate, females are somehow superior in reading comprehension compared to male subjects (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008) and females are more global and prefer to guess meaning from context while males are more analytic and attend more to words (Brudice, 2009). This suggests that teachers should take into consideration the fact that more practice needs to be done when working with male students. Another consequence of the study can be drawn from the finding that both male and female students had greater gains on essay regardless of their gender. This may imply that teachers can focus on teaching different types of texts in their classes regardless of their students gender. This may help learners to pave the way toward autonomy in that they can build on what they already know or what they have explicitly learned in their classrooms (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008). So teachers should be aware of these differences; they can help learners of both genders in different ways. By concentrating on learners limitations, teachers can provide successful learning situations. Only in this way can teachers handle the class efficiently and achieve the teaching goals. Strategy training can be done through working with students in small groups or individually by using various reading texts and questions to check students processing problems through questioning and answering. Teaching learners comprehension monitoring and reading comprehension test taking strategies can help them to take a more reflective and self-directed approach to text reading. Additionally, it can help learners in reducing anxiety in reading tests (Brudice, 2009).

Use of Humor in Erdrichs Tracks Essay -- Erdrich Tracks

Use of Humor in Erdrich's Tracks  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   An old adage claims that laughter is the best medicine to cure human ailments.   Although this treatment might sound somewhat unorthodox, its value as a remedy can be traced back to ancient times when Hypocrites, in his medical treatise, stressed the importance of   â€Å"a gay and cheerful mood on the part of the physician and patient fighting disease† (Bakhtin 67).   Aristotle viewed laughter as man’s quintessential privilege:   â€Å"Of all living creatures only man is endowed with laughter† (Bakhtin 68).   In the Middle Ages, laughter was an integral part of folk culture.   â€Å"Carnival festivities and the comic spectacles and ritual connected with them had an important place in the life of medieval man† (Bakhtin 5).   During the trauma and devastation of German bombing raids on London during World War II, the stubborn resilience of British humor emerged to sustain the spirit of the people and the courage of the nation.   To laugh, even in the face of death, is a compelling force in the human condition.   Humor, then, has a profound impact on the way human beings experience life.   In Louise Erdrich’s novel Tracks, humor provides powerful medicine as the Chippewa tribe struggles for their physical, spiritual, and cultural survival at the beginning of the twentieth century.   While the ability to approach life with a sense of humor is not unique to any one society, it is an intrinsic quality of Native American life.   â€Å"There is, and always has been, humor among Indians . . . † (Lincoln 22).  Ã‚   In deference to their history, this can best be described as survival humor, one which â€Å"transcends the void, questions fatalism, and outlasts suffering† (Lincoln 45).   Through their capacity to draw common... ...emain the contrary powers of Indian humor† (Lincoln 5).   For the Chippewa, this humor provides powerful medicine for the physical, cultural, and spiritual preservation of their tribe.  Ã‚        Works Cited   Bakhtin, Mikhail.   Rabelais and His World.   Bloomington:   Indiana UP, 1984.   Erdrich Louise.   Tracks.   New York:   Harper Collins, 1988.   Ghezzi, Ridie Wilson.   â€Å"Nanabush Stories from the Ojibwe.†Ã‚   Coming to Light.   Ed. Brian Swann.   1st ed.   New York:   Random House, 1994.   Lincoln, Kenneth.   Indi’n Humor.   New York:   Oxford UP, 1993.   Sergi, Jennifer.   â€Å"Storytelling:   Tradition and Preservation in Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.†Ã‚   World Literature Today   66   (Spring 1992):   279-282.   Towers, Margie.   â€Å"Continuity and Connection:   Characters in Louise Erdrich’s Fiction.†Ã‚   American Indian Culture and Research Journal   16   (1992):   99-115.