7 jobs that are incredibly underpaidÂÂ

7 jobs that are incredibly underpaid   We live in a world where not all jobs- or salaries- are created equal. While some jobs are glamorous and come with equally glamorous paychecks, others offer more humble salaries- and some of them just might surprise you. According to a recent article on Glassdoor.com, the average American worker is underpaid by approximately $7,500- this translates to salaries that are roughly 13% less than their potential market values. This is attributable to a variety of factors, from job market conditions and supply vs. demand of available talent to the tendency of some new employees to not negotiate for higher salaries when starting new jobs.Let’s take a closer look at 7 jobs that are incredibly underpaid, often despite having very important responsibilities.1. Medical assistantMedical assistants work directly under the guidance of doctors and nurses, and have a host of important responsibilities including maintaining medical records, prepping patients for exams, and administering medicat ions. That said, they don’t typically command large salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for medical assistants is $32,850.2. Web developerIf you’re looking to break into the web developer profession, you may find a wealth of opportunities across industries, and even across borders as international projects abound. That said, the growing supply of talented web developers both around the United States and abroad has adversely impacted salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for web developers is $72,150.3. Social workerSocial workers are typically dedicated and qualified individuals who provide important support services to populations in need. Despite being a rewarding and commendable profession, the average social worker is not earning a huge payday. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for social workers is approximately $59,410.4. Licensed practical nurse (LPN) Nurses are incredibly important professionals who handle a wide array of critical tasks in a variety of healthcare settings, and are essential personnel for handling patient needs. That said, they typically make far less than their colleagues who are doctors or registered nurses (RNs). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for LPNs is $44,840.5. Pharmacy technicianWhen you’re purchasing prescription medications at your local pharmacy, you’re likely to encounter a pharmacy tech at the front lines. These workers mix, measure, count out, and label medications as well as interact directly with customers. However, pharmacy techs don’t command the same salaries as the pharmacists they work beside. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for pharmacy techs is $32,170.6. Veterinary technicianWhen your pet needs a checkup or isn’t feeling well, you can count on a vet tech to help you out when you first arrive at the veterinarian’s office. They’re responsible for a host of things that help keep veterinarian practices running smoothly, including performing medical tests, preparing serums and vaccines, taking and preparing samples, and maintaining charts and medical equipment. Vet techs likely aren’t in the field to get rich quick; the mean average wage according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics is $33,870.7. Emergency medical technician (EMT)Few can argue about the importance of EMTs- when an accident or medical emergency occurs, they are often the first on the scene, and assess injuries, administer aid, and transport individuals to hospitals and medical facilities. Despite their incredible importance in saving lives, they just don’t command big salaries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean average wage for EMTs is $36,110.As you can see, not all employees are compensated equally. The 7 jobs listed here may offer professional fulfillment and satisfaction, depending on one’s job-related goals, but they will probably not set you on a road to riches. If you’re on the hunt for a new job and salary is a big factor for you, use this information to help guide you towards- and away- from certain positions.

Business Income and Expenditure Essays

Business Income and Expenditure Essays Business Income and Expenditure Essay Business Income and Expenditure Essay Capital income is the money that is used to set up a business. This money can be sourced from any where such as the before stated. Capital income is most commonly used for acquiring fixed assets; however this money is not used for the constant replacement of equipment or furniture. Excluded is carryover from one year to the next. Owners Investment (Sole Trader): is a business that it is invested by one individual. It is owned by one person, even though there might be several over employees working with them. A sole trader is mainly responsible for everything that happens to the business, for example cleaning the premises checking for health and safety, doing accounts and paying bills tax due in profits. The sole trader can keep profit each year, after paying tax. The money can be maximised by as its owned by one person business should able have to sum amount of money to start up the business. The way they would be getting the money to help them this could be from four different places they are Bank, Friends or Family, Government Grants or even Personal Savings. The reason they should have extra sum of money because to start up business to pay the designer who would build the store and also the ancillary stuff such as pay tills, double glazing windows, security alarms and guards. Owners Investment (Partners): A partnership is a business where two or more people own a company, work together and share the profits or losses to the businesses. Two people working together have many different skills, which can be very cost-effective as people specialise and become more efficient in certain parts of their creative business. One partner might be good at selling work and presenting to clients, while another is better at accounting etc. money can be maximised for partnership is called PLC (private limited company) these companies end their name with letters plc is a limited liability company owned by shareholders. The shares in the company are available publicly for purchase through the stock exchange, or they could borrow money from other different areas such as getting a loan from the bank or getting money from friends or family. Shareholder Investment: A stakeholder is where someone puts money to invest in your business. If you hold just a few shares of stock, your ownership in the company is very small. Because shareholders together own a company, the company strives to deliver shareholder value. In many cases, as a shareholder, you have a right to certain rights such as a right to vote on elections involving the board of directors and the right to share in the companys income. In addition to these rights, shareholders have the potential to profit when the company is successful. Likewise, if the company struggles and make a loss then a profit to the business, the shareholders can lose. It can be maximised as already more people putting into the business and people can put more money into the business to get more shares. Business Angels: is where an individual puts money towards to another business for a period of time in return or later on they would want some share of the business. It is a capital income because the money was put towards for the businesses at the beginning and would still stay within the business from a longer period of time. This can be maximised by putting more money into the business if they do want more involvement towards the business or get more shares. Venture Capitalists: is when you put money into the business from the start its also the same as Business Angels this is known as a capital income as they money has been put from the beginning which means it would stay with business. It can be maximised as more people would want to more shares like for example they would want more then 50% shares to the business so they can much control then others and gain more profit. Loans: This is when an individual ask another individual or banks to borrow some money for a temporary which they have to pay back with interest. As this is a capital income which means as it was given from the start and will continue throughout the year as they would have to pay back on whoever they borrowed money from. This can be minimized as they could ask for a lower interest or also they could also can ask them for a extended payment even though it may take longer period of time to pay the bank back. Also some bankers may not lend out money as they opening up a business newly they may worry businesses might able to pay back the money on time. So they check the credit history if they have good report they may able to give out as much loan as they can could trust them to pay back within the limited time. Mortgages: A mortgage is where the bank pays for a property or building as businesses may not able to pay straight away. This means is a loan, secured by a property/house which they have to pay the banks in instalments over a set period of time. They could ask for a low interest rate or even could ask them for an extended time to pay back, however if they dont pay back the instalments this could led bailiffs to come around may have to take valuable supplies from the business if still they cannot pay back within the time given then this would mean they may have to take back the property away from them meaning the business would be closed down. Capital Expenditure Capital expenditure is the money that is going out of the business over a number of years. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to the value of an existing fixed asset with a useful life that extends beyond the taxable year. Capex are used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as equipment, property, or industrial buildings. Fixed Assets Fixed asset, also known as a non-current asset or as property, plant, and equipment (PP;E), is a term used in accounting for assets and property which cannot easily be converted into cash. This can be compared with current assets such as cash or bank accounts, which are described as liquid assets. In most cases, only tangible assets are referred to as fixed. Building: A Building can be used for many things such as, renting a room, apartment or a building. As people might open up a business for the first time they may not usually buy the building or take a mortgage out as they just opened up a business its more easier if they rented the place out. It is classified as Capital Expenditure as this is because the money is going into the business for the mortgage which takes up to 25years to pay back the bank. It is better and easier for the businesses if they rent out a property rather then buying building instead of mortgaging it out as this is because if they business do not do well and become bust they may not able to pay back the mortgage which then would lead to more debt as where if they rented it out they could easily pay it by end of the month which couldnt cost much. Vehicles: many businesses have vehicles for their businesses it is mainly used for a delivery or a pick up; this can be a motorbike, car or van. As its a Capital Expenditure this is because the money comes out towards the business as its used for a longer period of time which would help them in a long term basics. As having a vehicle its not that important to the business unless its a major big company to have a company vehicle or other then that it would be wasting money to have a company vehicle. Equipment: when businesses open up a new business they would need to get all the equipment and also through while running the business in between. This could include stock hangers if its a retail clothing shop they would need to buy hangers now and then as they need to display clothings and also paper and pens which they could pay out monthly . As its known as a capital expenditure for that reason they dont need to purchase so many all in one go they could get it by monthly as this is more efficient and cheaper. If they do want to budget their equipment they could get a different supplier who is cheaper to the current one. Land: Land a premise is for businesses would buy based on number of acres where they can build a building or property on top as its their own land. As your buying the land it is quite expensive rather then buying just a property. As for example if you are buying near a rich or a wealthy area then your chances of paying of for it. It is known as a capital expenditure because the money your are paying for the land is for improvements as the payment for the land comes every month. Intangible Assets: these are the assets that cannot be touched physically as this is because its protected by the law such as: Goodwill: this means when a business has done something good within the organisation for the environment for example if they are selling things which are recyclable. As businesses know that they have done good things and therefore they would want to sell the products then this could mean its would sell and make profit because people purchase something that they know would benefit the environment. So whoever buys the goodwill would worth more then without the goodwill. Copyright / Patents: this just have that because they do not want their ideas to be stolen or used from other businesses so they protect it by copyright. If their ideas does get stolen this would be illegal as they paid for their ideas to be protected and not to be used from any other businesses as they could get sued. Trademark is a word, symbol, phrase or device which identifies a particular company or individual. There are many types of bottles used to contain soft drinks, for example, but only one with the distinctive logo and design of Coca-Cola. Each element of a Coca-Cola bottle- the shape, red imprint and name-could be considered a trademark of the Coca-Cola Company. Because all of these elements have been legally registered with the United Kingdom Patent and Trademark Office, no other soft drink company can create a similar trademark. The best trademark is easily recognised in the Market as people would know they are a trustworthy company and the products they buy is reliable and good quality at all times. Revenue Income (Day-to-day): where the money comes into the business day to day basics. The money can come to the business such as: Credit Sale: is when a customer purchases a product or service with a credit card. However this may take up to 30days to come through. It is the same procedure when the business buys from their suppliers as they would still have money on their account for another month after it has been paid for. It is categorised as a Revenue Income as this is because it takes longer to go to the business however there is still money coming through the business. Cash Sales; is when the customer purchase something with cash in hand as this means it gets paid straight away. As the business gets cash everyday because most customers are purchasing from there by cash. It is known as Revenue Income because the money is coming into the business day to day so they money comes through right away. Rent Received; is when you they take out a building they dont really need to use it but they would have someone else to rent the place out but business would get the money. This is known as a Revenue income because they money that is coming into the business in a day to day basics so the money is used every month so this would help the business make money out of it. If they want to make more money they could get more tenants to rent out the place or could increase the amount which would be paid monthly. Commission Received: is when a business has a system of payment when business are successful in exchanging goods of services to another business. So if they sell an product from another business, then they will get a certain percentage of the profit or an agreed amount. Discounts: is when the business reducing the selling price of goods as for example when they have with a supplier and with the business for quite some time, the supplier can take a small fraction off the cost as this is because the business have been a long term customer from the same suppliers. This is as revenue income because they are not spending or taking out much money out the business they used to spend so they will be saving money for the business, also when they sell that stock, they would be getting much more money than this would mean its going to give them a profit at the end. Revenue Expenditure: This is money coming out of a business on a day to day basis. Routine repairs are revenue expenditures because they are charged directly to an account such as Repairs and Maintenance Expense. Rent/Rates: Businesses would rent or rate to a building as its because they just started up a business they probably would prefer pay it separate monthly as they cant afford to pay all altogether upfront. This is known as a Revenue Expenditure as this is because money is taking out from the business time to time basics which would benefit in the long term as they paying for the place they have rented out for the business. Utility Bills: is when business would have to pay for their utility bills this includes things such as heat, light, water, gas etc. They would have to pay month to month basis which depends on how much they are using as they are not fixed costs. This is known as a Revenue Expenditure because the money is coming out from the business to day to day basics so they can pay of the bills end of the month. For not to pay so much they should may start thinking how less they can use it because as its not a fixed asset then money would rise or low depends on how much they use, or if sometimes they may not known how much that they have used a lot which would mean they would have to pay going to be an expensive, in order it that doesnt happen they would need to make sure they dont use it much. Admin Costs: business would have to pay for their admin costs this includes; postage, printing and stationary. The money they would be spending is actually depending on how much or amount they are buying for the products. It is as revenue expenditure because the money is coming out from the business in a day to day basis. They could reduce the quantity they do spend on which is by buying less and also they could start recycling things that they could use again as papers. Staff (Wages, Training, Insurance etc.): the business would have to pay for their staff, such as Staff Wages which is very important, if they dont pay their staff wage it can affect employee performance and loyalty and they might not have employers at the end so would have to make sure they can pay off their staff. Also they give the cost for their training if it is needed. Its revenue expenditure as this is because it is money coming out of the business on a day to day basis as their staff get paid monthly, also they would have to pay for their training. If business do not want to spend much money on wages, they could less their pay or have less staff work for them. As they do not have to re train all their staff, they could train only for the more important roles, and then from this could save the business a lot of money. Selling costs (Transport, Advertising, and Research): Business need to advertise so customers can be aware of their business from other towns, by doing that they would have to spend money everyday on advertising and research. It is revenue expenditure as this is because the money is coming out from the business on selling costs and it is also expensive to advertise for your business. In order to save money they really do need to advertise as they just opened their business for the first time as they cant afford for expensive advertisement just yet. Interest from Bank: is when a business loans money from the bank, they would want the money back but this would include with interest, this could be difficult for the business to pay back the bank straight away so they could ask the bank to give them extra time to pay back the loan, however this is leading to an disadvantage because for if they dont pay back the money this could lead to interest will be added on the total. It is best ideal ting to do when its a new business to ask for a loan from the bank because this could lead bankrupt and loss a lot of money. Cash Purchase of Stock: Cash sales is when the business purchases and pays for their products to their suppliers. This is when business pays the money to their suppliers straight away. It is revenue expenditure as because it is money out of the business on a day to day basis so which means the money gets paid to their supplier quickly as possible. Credit Purchase of Stock: when a business purchases products from their suppliers, so they would still have the money on their account for another month after they have brought stocks from credit card. It is known as revenue expenditure because the money will be coming out of the business from a day to day basis yet its going to take quite some time for the money to go through. Business may need to be careful on how they use their credit card even though money is still in the account they would have to make sure they dont spend anymore which they have to be careful they dont go overdraft which means they would be charge interest from their credit card. Well the difference between Capital income and Capital Expenditure is Capital income money which is coming towards the business which is paid directly where it can be used within number of years, where for Capital Expenditure the money is going out from the business throughout number of years. The difference between Revenue Income and Revenue Expenditure is that Revenue Income is coming through the business on a day to day basics and whereas Revenue Expenditure money is going out from the business through day to day basics.

Health Ass. discussion questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Ass. discussion questions - Assignment Example In nursing assessment, information is gathered and then interpreted. The two processes are different as one moves into the advanced practice role, as nursing assessment is employed to identify the health problems faced by the patient and are based on research, findings and literature (Spain, DeCristofaro, & Smith, 2004). The nurse is able to recognize the present health status and how it relates to the patient’s previous health status. The approach and the structure used in assessment is determined by the priorities of the specific service for which it is created and on the type of population the nurse is dealing with for example, elderly, children and adults (Rosdahl & Kowalski, 2008). However, clinical reasoning is a part of the assessment that is needed to understand and interpret gathered information. According to Spain et al. (2004), the clinical decision-making worksheet is developed to support data organization, interpretation and collection in accordance to standardize d communication format. 2. Consider a clinical situation (patient case) in your own practice (current or past). In what ways do you see your role changing as you become an advanced practice registered nurse, and how might this affect your assessment of that patient? Currently, as a registered nurse I receive patients in my care and consider the health status presently and how it is associated with the patient’s health history. I see my role changing as I become an advanced practice registered nurse as I will have gained full competencies needed in the profession. Moreover, I will be able to prescribe medication, diagnose and treat acute and chronic illness, all in the focus of health promotion and prevention. The competencies will help me in applying the knowledge of the scientific basis for quality care in practice (Thomas et.al, 2011). I will be able to apply expertise in data literacy, technology

To What Extent Do Postcolonial Writers Articulate a Coherent a Useful Essay

To What Extent Do Postcolonial Writers Articulate a Coherent a Useful Notion of Home - Essay Example The home in which the natives came from have disappeared. Most of the original literature and the oral culture of the native Caribbean’s were not preserved; hence no cultural mark had been passed over to the following generations. The fact that the African-Caribbean people were enforced to reject their own heritage caused them not to have a traditional culture and an image to identify with. This has caused the natives to constantly adapt to the modern culture, thus not being able to grasp their own in whole. The poem Alpha is divided into three parts, which are ‘Mother Poem’, ‘Sun Poem and X/Self. Smaller divisions of Ancestor comprise of individual poems. The framework in which the poem is structured is in accordance with the context of universality, while being able to form a personal interaction through engaging the readers intimately. The association between the three voices in the Ancestor personifies the father, the mother and the son or the narrator, in relation to their Motherland. The poem captures the essence of familial integration and separation. The first verse is ambiguous. The subject of mother can be referred to as the author's mother whom he misses, or most likely, the author's motherland, as can be seen in the following lines, â€Å"the ancient watercourses of my island/ echo of rver. Trickle. Worn stone/ the sunken voice of glitter iching its pattern to the sea/ memory of foam. Fossil. Erased beaches high above the eaten†.5 The poem started with descriptions of an environment in which the author longs for, as personified in a form of a mother. The author misses his homeland and wishes to go back to his native land to comfort his female parent. The second verse is a description of the Americans or the West Indians. The author hints that his family has migrated to the United States of America, as deduced from the lines "the world Columbus found" and "the world Raleigh raided". 6The statements are symbolized by the following lines in the second part of the poem, â€Å"& my father swims through the noise / Through the blankets of jute on his lungs / & he is Caesar again at the Hellespont†. As for the references to the plantations, the setting in which the author's family migrated to is in New Orleans, it is where most black slaves have migrated to in the previous decades. In a nutshell, the second part is the author's description of his life as his family moved to New Orleans, where sugar plantations are abound. The second part of the poem also implies that the author's parents worked at the plantations in New Orleans. This fact has been deduced from the lines "through the blankets of jute on his lungs" and "maker of chalk dust".7 The line "she waits with her back slowly curving to mountain" represents her mother who have waited in patience and have gotten old, who lived her life in despair from working and waiting for his husband.8 This emotion is evident in the last part of the second division of the poem, â€Å"She waits for his return with her gold rings of love / Wl the miners tr ove that binds her to his world / She waits w/ her back slowly curving to mountain†.9 The last part of the

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE Essay

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE - Essay Example The other is the Sainte Marie de La Tourette, a Convent for teachers and students at Lyon, France hereafter called La Tourette. While the structures of Le Corbusiner can be analysed from different perspectives, this essay will discuss the techniques in form and material that were used for the two structures to achieve spiritual architecture. 1. Analysis of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp Constructed in 1955, the Ronchamp structure follows the 'Expressionist Modern' modern style. The structure is built using concrete, glass and wood. The story behind the structure is that the original 4th church was destroyed in WW II. It is important to know that the church was a reformist church. This means that the clergy and the priests who managed and preached at the church wanted a modern structure. The wanted the spirit of the church to clear the decadent past when the structure was full of ornamental embellishments with stained glass, spires and other gothic features. Le Corbusier had to build a church that reflects modern art and modern architecture with spatial purity. However, Corbusier, in keeping with his own style wanted to focus on increasing available space1. The spirituality of the architecture can be seen in the the style he adopted for the interiors He used the illusion of increased space by using curves and interplaying light with shadows so that the depth of the room seemed to be more than it really was. The materials he has used extensively are concrete, stone, glass and wood to a small extent. The windows are arranged in sporadic pattern and in the form of puncturing apertures on the wall. This helps to amplify the light emerging from the chapel since the windows are tapered in the well cavity. Each wall is illuminated by the window frames that differ in light. The space behind the altar is thus given a speckled pattern like a star filled night with sparse openings. These openings are placed along with larger apertures above the cross. A flood of light is emi tted that falls on the cross creating a transformative experience for the visitor. This gives the spiritual architecture where the light of god is brought into the chapel2. 1.1. Analysis of form of Ronchamp The church has a simple design and it has two entrances. The main pulpit has a main altar and three chapels placed under the towers. Concrete is used in abundance in the structure and the use of steel reinforcement allowed Corbusier to create an upturned and curving roof that is supported by slender columns placed in the walls. The appearance of the roof is like a sail that is blowing on the windy currents of a stormy sea. This point is emphasised by the junction where the left and right walls converge and the shape seems like the curved hull of a ship. Le Corbusier has strived to bring the spiritual perspective of the reformist church into the structure. The new church is seen as the ship of the God that sails the stormy seas and carries its flock to salvation and safety. In the inside areas, space is created between the roofs and the walls. This has a number of clerestory windows with asymmetric light that falls from the openings in the wall. This helps to bring into sharp notice about the sacred role of the church and helps to create the relation between the building and the surroundings. By using concrete effectively to create recessed windows, a soft and indirect lighting emerges. This reflects off from the white walls of the church. The small windows ensure that minimum lighting falls on the congregation areas even in day light. During night, small lights behind the windows help to create a diffused lighting inside the prayer and sermon area. Corbusier did not want

Gender Differences in Reading Ability

Gender Differences in Reading Ability Reading is one of main ways to get information. What is the relationship between gender and reading comprehension? Reading success depends on factors such as the levels of readers proficiency, types of text, text difficulty, and task demands (Brudice, 2009). One important factor that affects the process of reading and consequently the process of comprehension is the reader text variable. Considering the text variable, different studies have been conducted to investigate the way readers affect the processes of reading and comprehension. The strategies used by readers, their background knowledge, motivation, attitude, age, personality and sex all have been investigated (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008). This paper aims to investigate how gender differences influence reading comprehension. Statement of Problem In this paper the presented problem was to identify whether or not gender differences had an effect on reading comprehension ability. As a question, the problem is, What is the relationship between gender and reading comprehension ability for secondary students? (Brudice, 2009) Definition of Terms Gender Differences: Gender: the state of being male or female (with reference to social or cultural differences) Reading Comprehension can be defined as techniques for improving students success in obtaining useful knowledge from text. Reading comprehension is understanding some texts that are read, or the process of constructing meaning from read texts. Comprehension is a construction process because it includes all of the elements of the reading process working together as a text is read to create a representation of the text in the readers mind (Brudice, 2009). Discussion Reading comprehension is a complex cognitive skill in which the reader should construct meaning by using all the available resources from both the text and background knowledge (Brudice, 2009). Several studies, which have investigated some independent variables that are linked to students abilities to comprehend science textbooks, have conflicting findings. While some found important differences in boys and girls verbal abilities in favor of girls, some others did not find gender differences in their subjects abilities to comprehend two biology texts (Soybio; McKenzie-Briscoe, 1998). The findings of a 2008 study indicate that there is a difference between malesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ and femalesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ comprehension of the reading passages. Females are better in case of comprehending passages. Females are outstandingly superior in reading skills, and the proportion of men going to reading classes as a remedy, is higher than males. Females outperformed males in their comprehension of given passages in a written recall task (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008). Why do girls have a higher reading ability? Boys have more often their own room in comparison to girls. This may take time from reading and contribute to lower scores. Girls have a little bit more often their own study desk that may contribute to their higher reading test results. Although boys have a little bit more books at home, they are not so good in reading. According to the evaluation of girls, there is more classic literature and poetry in their homes. Children influence the home culture and so this literature is bought more often for girls. More girls are from homes without a computer. Working on computers may reduce the boys time for reading books and magazines. More girls are confident that they are doing well in language. The self-evaluation supports learning language and is a result of good learning. There are more boys among students who have fewer than 2 hours for self-study of language. Once more girls devote more time to language studies and boys have other interests (Lynn Mikk, 2009). And for second language in general, it seems that no gender differences existed on TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) in any of the subtests (Jie Wu, 2003). In light of new issues about second language reading perhaps more inquiries about second language reading comprehension should be concerned with the amounts and types of variables that are superior, or more influential, in producing higher levels of reading comprehension because as a whole it is very different from first language (Brantmeier, 2004). Conclusion A meta-analysis provides strong evidence that the significance of the gender difference in verbal ability is currently so small that it can effectively be considered to be zero. More detailed analysis of various types of verbal ability (e.g., vocabulary, reading comprehension, analogies) similarly provided no evidence of a substantial gender difference (Hayde Linn, 1988). But as the results of this study indicate, females are somehow superior in reading comprehension compared to male subjects (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008) and females are more global and prefer to guess meaning from context while males are more analytic and attend more to words (Brudice, 2009). This suggests that teachers should take into consideration the fact that more practice needs to be done when working with male students. Another consequence of the study can be drawn from the finding that both male and female students had greater gains on essay regardless of their gender. This may imply that teachers can focus on teaching different types of texts in their classes regardless of their students gender. This may help learners to pave the way toward autonomy in that they can build on what they already know or what they have explicitly learned in their classrooms (Keshavarz. Ashtarian, 2008). So teachers should be aware of these differences; they can help learners of both genders in different ways. By concentrating on learners limitations, teachers can provide successful learning situations. Only in this way can teachers handle the class efficiently and achieve the teaching goals. Strategy training can be done through working with students in small groups or individually by using various reading texts and questions to check students processing problems through questioning and answering. Teaching learners comprehension monitoring and reading comprehension test taking strategies can help them to take a more reflective and self-directed approach to text reading. Additionally, it can help learners in reducing anxiety in reading tests (Brudice, 2009).

Use of Humor in Erdrichs Tracks Essay -- Erdrich Tracks

Use of Humor in Erdrich's Tracks  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   An old adage claims that laughter is the best medicine to cure human ailments.   Although this treatment might sound somewhat unorthodox, its value as a remedy can be traced back to ancient times when Hypocrites, in his medical treatise, stressed the importance of   â€Å"a gay and cheerful mood on the part of the physician and patient fighting disease† (Bakhtin 67).   Aristotle viewed laughter as man’s quintessential privilege:   â€Å"Of all living creatures only man is endowed with laughter† (Bakhtin 68).   In the Middle Ages, laughter was an integral part of folk culture.   â€Å"Carnival festivities and the comic spectacles and ritual connected with them had an important place in the life of medieval man† (Bakhtin 5).   During the trauma and devastation of German bombing raids on London during World War II, the stubborn resilience of British humor emerged to sustain the spirit of the people and the courage of the nation.   To laugh, even in the face of death, is a compelling force in the human condition.   Humor, then, has a profound impact on the way human beings experience life.   In Louise Erdrich’s novel Tracks, humor provides powerful medicine as the Chippewa tribe struggles for their physical, spiritual, and cultural survival at the beginning of the twentieth century.   While the ability to approach life with a sense of humor is not unique to any one society, it is an intrinsic quality of Native American life.   â€Å"There is, and always has been, humor among Indians . . . † (Lincoln 22).  Ã‚   In deference to their history, this can best be described as survival humor, one which â€Å"transcends the void, questions fatalism, and outlasts suffering† (Lincoln 45).   Through their capacity to draw common... ...emain the contrary powers of Indian humor† (Lincoln 5).   For the Chippewa, this humor provides powerful medicine for the physical, cultural, and spiritual preservation of their tribe.  Ã‚        Works Cited   Bakhtin, Mikhail.   Rabelais and His World.   Bloomington:   Indiana UP, 1984.   Erdrich Louise.   Tracks.   New York:   Harper Collins, 1988.   Ghezzi, Ridie Wilson.   â€Å"Nanabush Stories from the Ojibwe.†Ã‚   Coming to Light.   Ed. Brian Swann.   1st ed.   New York:   Random House, 1994.   Lincoln, Kenneth.   Indi’n Humor.   New York:   Oxford UP, 1993.   Sergi, Jennifer.   â€Å"Storytelling:   Tradition and Preservation in Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.†Ã‚   World Literature Today   66   (Spring 1992):   279-282.   Towers, Margie.   â€Å"Continuity and Connection:   Characters in Louise Erdrich’s Fiction.†Ã‚   American Indian Culture and Research Journal   16   (1992):   99-115.